I found I needed to delete the already created catalog addresses first, under 'delete aliases'.

I also needed to change the catalog path in the 'node path' settings on the 'automatic aliases' page (the same page as the 'catalog path' settings).

This fixed all my product categories, subcategories, etc. and automatic aliasing for any newly created products. However, I still needed to do two more things: 1) alias the root 'catalog' to my new path and 2) update the path aliases for all of my already created products in the content administration.